How low-power embedded systems can optimize battery life for the IoT

In the constantly evolving world of the Internet of Things (IoT), companies face the challenge of developing energy-efficient embedded systems that meet the requirements of Industry 4.0. Optimizing the battery life of IoT devices is of great importance here, which is why low-power technology is becoming increasingly important.

Advances in low-power embedded microcontrollers for IoT applications

Recent advances in microcontroller technology have significantly improved the energy efficiency of embedded systems. One notable example is the use of ultra-low-power microcontrollers that have been specially developed for IoT applications. These microcontrollers use advanced energy management techniques to minimize power consumption and extend battery life.

In November 2024, Infineon presented the AURIX™ TC4Dx microcontroller, which is based on 28nm technology and offers increased performance with reduced energy consumption. This microcontroller can be used in such areas as smart manufacturing, connected vehicles and industrial automation and raises the efficiency of such systems to a new level.

Another example is the launch of the i.MX RT700 crossover microcontrollers from NXP Semiconductors in October 2024. These microcontrollers are equipped with a neural processing unit (NPU) that facilitates efficient processing of AI algorithms at the edge while keeping energy consumption low. NXP has also announced plans to develop a range of solutions aimed at battery-less IoT applications, further driving the sustainable use of such systems.

Comparison of energy-efficient IoT protocols

Choosing the right communication protocol plays a crucial role in reducing the energy consumption of IoT devices. Such protocols as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) have been developed to minimize energy consumption while ensuring reliable data transmission. NB-IoT, a standard developed by 3GPP, focuses specifically on applications with low data volumes and facilitates battery life of up to 10 years.

LoRa (long-range radio), an LPWAN protocol known for its long range and low energy consumption, also offers numerous advantages. LoRa is particularly suitable for cost-efficient IoT applications like smart cities, smart homes and smart farming. In combination with energy-efficient microcontrollers, such protocols can help operate devices for many years with minimal maintenance.

In addition, Wi-Fi HaLow, a protocol with low energy consumption, is becoming increasingly interesting for IoT devices. With a range of over one kilometer and 80 percent lower power consumption compared with conventional Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi HaLow is ideal for applications in logistics, agriculture and industrial automation.

Intelligent energy management strategies in embedded systems

Modern IoT devices use intelligent energy management technologies to optimize energy consumption. Adaptive sampling strategies adjust the data recording frequency based on the current requirements, thus avoiding unnecessary energy consumption. A study released in November 2023 presents an algorithm that dynamically adjusts the sampling rate and thus ensures the self-sufficiency of IoT devices.

In addition, advanced power management systems enable energy consumption to be monitored and controlled in real time. This leads to a more efficient use of the available energy sources and extends the operating time of the appliances. A framework presented in May 2024 offers flexible and energy-efficient remote management of low-power edge devices, which improves system reliability and energy efficiency.

Battery-free IoT devices: energy harvesting as the technology of the future

By integrating energy harvesting technologies IoT devices can obtain energy from their environment and operate without batteries. Recent developments in this area have led to the introduction of battery-free IoT sensors that draw energy from light, vibrations or temperature differences. These technologies offer a sustainable solution for the use of IoT devices in difficult-to-access or hazardous environments.

One example is the development of IoT pixels that harvest energy from existing radio waves such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth and can therefore be operated without an external power source. This technology enables cost-efficient and sustainable implementation of IoT applications.

According to a forecast by the market research company IDTechEx, the market for battery-free IoT devices will reach a volume of over $5 billion by 2028. This shows the growing interest in sustainable and low-maintenance IoT solutions.

Artificial intelligence as a driver for energy-efficient IoT devices

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in IoT devices facilitates precise prediction of energy consumption and the implementation of efficient energy management strategies. A study released in March 2024 presents a framework that uses AI to monitor and optimize the energy consumption of low-power edge devices. This framework enables flexible and energy-efficient remote management of IoT devices and helps extend battery life.

AI algorithms can also be used to reduce energy consumption through predictive maintenance. By predicting maintenance requirements, it is possible to avoid unnecessary operating times and reduce energy consumption. A framework released in July 2024 offers a solution for predictive maintenance and resource management in low-power IoT systems.

IoT: Optimizing battery life with low-power technologies requires a holistic approach

Optimizing the battery life of IoT devices requires a holistic approach that includes the selection of energy-efficient microcontrollers, the implementation of suitable communication protocols, intelligent energy management and the use of energy harvesting technologies. The challenge for companies now is to develop energy-efficient embedded systems for the IoT and thus meet the requirements of Industry 4.0.